Extraction of teeth with persistent periapical lesions requires a specific drilling protocol to remove infected bone, to reach healthy trabecular bone and start up a bleeding. Residual dens sclerotic bone may harbor latent pathogenic microorganisms for a...
The peri-implant mucosa consists of an externally located keratinized oral epithelium, which is connected to the peri-implant junctional epithelium facing the abutment. The latter extends approximately 2 mm apical to the...
Frameworks are veneered with veneering materials, to design the esthetics and shape of the definitive restoration. Framework material options for acrylic veneering include titanium, (CrCo) Cobalt - Chrome and precious alloys...
Frameworks can be made from titanium, zirconia, precious alloys and Co-Cr base alloys and can be cement-retained or screw-retained. With minimal bone resorption, a ceramo-metal restoration is preferable to accommodate interarch...
The surgeon should be standing or be seated behind the supine patient. Bilateral truncular anesthesia is needed. The incision can be crestal or at a distance in the labial fold. Presence of keratinized tissue both labially and palatally should...
Hand-made templates are duplicates obtained from the denture/tooth arrangement with access holes or titanium tubes. These are located in the correct positions and axes of the planned prosthetic teeth according to the CBCT a...
Incision can be made either on top of the crest or at some distance in the labial fold. The outcome for both approaches seems comparable. A sagittal release incision at the midline eases the reflection of the labial mucoperiosteum. It is logical to try to achieve...
With appropriate pre-drilling based on their shape upon insertion into the bone, tapered implants will achieve a gradually increasing contact pressure with the surrounding bone and thus provide a high primary stability. This primary...
Accurate implant planning is the first step to achieve an optimum prosthetic result. Well-fitting, well-designed dentures can directly be used for planning and pre-surgical analysis or a new tooth arrangement and mock-up have to be considered...
Any intra-oral surgical intervention begins with the incision and finishes with a suture or gluing. Indications for a crestal incision include one-stage surgeries where the implant or abutment is non-submerged and is piercing into the oral...
The treatment of the edentulous jaw can be a mixture of placing implants in healed and fresh extraction sockets. Unequal hard and soft tissue levels around the implants (Fig. 1&2), especially in the interforaminal region, can be adjusted by leveling the bone...
The aims of peri-implant soft tissue management in the edentulous mandible are the eventual reconstruction of attached gingiva or immobilizing the soft tissue at the implant-soft tissue interface. Vestibuloplasty means deepening of the...
This is the reversible inflammatory process in the soft tissues around functioning implants. Peri-implant mucositis occurs in almost 60% of subjects (± 30% of sites), restored with implants. Diagnosis is stated by clinical examination: redness, ...
Inflammation can be limited to the soft tissue around the implant (mucositis) or involve the underlying bone tissue as well (peri-implantitis). Infection can be caused by various risk factors, such as inadequate hygiene and patient compliance...