A commonly used option for fixed restorations is a metal or zirconia framework with ceramic or acrylic veneering. The amount of alveolar bone resorption determines whether teeth or teeth and soft tissue must be replaced...
Cement-retained restorations are a traditional design to attach a restoration (crown, bridge) to an implant-retained abutment, similar to cementing a crown or bridge restoration on a natural tooth. With the traditional, relatively...
The surgeon should be standing or be seated behind the supine patient. Bilateral truncular anesthesia is needed. The incision can be crestal or at a distance in the labial fold. Presence of keratinized tissue both labially and palatally should...
Incision can be made either on top of the crest or at some distance in the labial fold. The outcome for both approaches seems comparable. A sagittal release incision at the midline eases the reflection of the labial mucoperiosteum. It is logical to try to achieve...
Advantages of abutment-supported prostheses are 1) When implants are not parallel to each other, the use of angulated abutments can "correct" for the non-parallelism 2) Angulated abutments are available for a screw-retained prosthesis and 3) Custom abutments can be...
Any intra-oral surgical intervention begins with the incision and finishes with a suture or gluing. Indications for a crestal incision include one-stage surgeries where the implant or abutment is non-submerged and is piercing into the oral...
The aims of peri-implant soft tissue management in the edentulous mandible are the eventual reconstruction of attached gingiva or immobilizing the soft tissue at the implant-soft tissue interface. Vestibuloplasty means deepening of the...
Impression making in implant overdenture therapy simultaneously records healthy available denture-bearing tissue surfaces and implants’ positions in edentulous arches. The objective is a shared retention and...
Impression taking for a complete denture records available denture-bearing tissue surfaces. An ideal force distribution pattern based upon the load bearing capacity of supporting tissues is desirable while avoiding dislodging by the oro-facial...
Wound closure ensures and accelerates wound healing by protecting the site and influencing migration of keratinocytes over the granulation tissue. Some wound eversion maximizes epidermal approximation. Square knots, with two ties in one direction and a reverse...
Treatment planning for the edentulous patient requires a diagnostic tooth arrangement which provides valuable information for pre-surgical planning (surgical guide fabrication), facilitates discussion regarding...
The gingiva is tightly connected to the underlying periosteum. It is globally keratinized and has a stippled surface. Its color varies from pink to brown or even black, depending on race and/or melanin deposits. It can be distinguished from alveolar mucosa, which...