0 Patient Assessment
- 0.1 Patient demand
- 0.2 Overarching considerations
- 0.3 Local history
- 0.4 Anatomical location
- 0.5 General patient history
- 0.6 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.1 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.2 age
  - 5.3 Compliance
  - 5.4 Smoking
  - 5.5 Drug abuse
  - 5.6 Recreational drugs and alcohol abuse
  - 5.7 Parafunctions
  - 5.8 Diabetes
  - 5.9 Osteoporosis
  - 5.10 Coagulation disorders and anticoagulant therapy
  - 5.11 Steroids
  - 5.12 Bisphosphonates
  - 5.13 BRONJ / ARONJ
  - 5.14 Radiotherapy
  - 5.15 Risk factors
1 Diagnostics
- 1.1 Clinical Assessment
  - 0.1 Lip line
  - 0.2 Mouth opening
  - 0.3 Vertical dimension
  - 0.4 Maxillo-mandibular relationship
  - 0.5 TMD
  - 0.6 Existing prosthesis
  - 0.7 Muco-gingival junction
  - 0.8 Hyposalivation and Xerostomia
- 1.2 Clinical findings
  - 1.1 Occlusion
  - 1.2 Alveolar atrophy and insufficiency
  - 1.3 Skeletal consequences of edentulism
  - 1.4 Head-neck cancer
- 1.3 Clinical diagnostic assessments
  - 2.1 Microbiology
  - 2.2 Salivary output
- 1.4 Diagnostic imaging
  - 3.1 Imaging overview
  - 3.2 Intraoral radiographs
  - 3.3 Panoramic
  - 3.4 CBCT
  - 3.5 CT
- 1.5 Diagnostic prosthodontic guides
  - 4.1 Prosthodontic guides overview
  - 4.2 Wax-up, arrangement, mock-up
  - 4.3 Splints and imaging for surgery
  - 4.4 Provisionals
2 Treatment Options
- 2.1 Mucosally-supported
  - 0.1 Mucosally supported - Overview and important considerations
  - 0.2 Complete denture
  - 0.3 Immediate denture
  - 0.4 Occlusal schemes
- 2.2 Implant-retained/supported, general
  - 1.1 Prosthodontic options overview
  - 1.2 Number of implants maxilla and mandible
  - 1.3 Time to function
  - 1.4 Submerged or non-submerged
  - 1.5 Soft tissue management
  - 1.6 Hard tissue management, mandible
  - 1.7 Hard tissue management, maxilla
  - 1.8 Need for grafting
  - 1.9 Healed vs fresh extraction socket
  - 1.10 Digital treatment planning protocols
    
    9.1 Digital treatment planning protocols, introduction
    
    9.2 Digital treatment planning protocols, NobelClinician
- 2.3 Implant prosthetics - removable
  - 2.1 Implant overdenture, overview
    
    0.1 Implant overdenture, introduction
    
    0.2 Overdenture retention devices, overview
  - 2.2 Secondary splinting
  - 2.3 Primary splinting
- 2.4 Implant prosthetics - fixed
  - 3.1 Fixed implant prosthesis, introduction
  - 3.2 Screw-retained restorations
    
    1.1 Screw-retained
    
    1.2 Implant-supported vs abutment-supported
  - 3.3 Cement-retained restorations
    
    2.1 Cement-retained
    
    2.2 Abutment materials
  - 3.4 Framework materials
    
    3.1 Framework materials
    
    3.2 Veneering with ceramic
    
    3.3 Veneering with Acrylic
- 2.5 Comprehensive treatment concepts
3 Treatment Procedures
- 3.1 Surgical
  - 0.1 Surgical considerations
    
    0.1 Anesthesia
    
    0.2 Peri-operative care
    
    0.3 Post-operative care
    
    0.4 Flap-or flapless
    
    0.5 Wound closure
    
    0.6 Intra-operative complications
    
    0.7 Guided vs non-guided
    
    0.8 Semi-guided surgery with prosthetic template
    
    0.9 Guided surgery with drill guides
  - 0.2 Surgical protocols - general
    
    1.1 Crestal incision
    
    1.2 Choice of implant
    
    1.3 Parallel implant placement
    
    1.4 Tapered implant placement
    
    1.5 Insertion torque
    
    1.6 Insertion height
    
    1.7 Implant angulation
  - 0.3 Surgical protocols - mandible
    
    2.1 Implant placement with open flap procedure - mandible
    
    2.2 Grafting, mandible
  - 0.4 Surgical protocols - maxilla
    
    3.1 Implant placement - maxilla
    
    3.2 Grafting, maxilla
    
    3.3 Sinus lifting
    
    3.4 Zygomatic implants
    
    3.5 Pterygoid implants
    
    3.6 Problems and complications in maxillary implant surgery
- 3.2 Removable prosthetics
  - 1.1 Complete dentures
    
    0.1 Complete denture clinical protocol
    
    0.2 Complete denture impressions
    
    0.3 Complete denture - maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    0.4 Complete denture trial placement
    
    0.5 Complete denture placement
    
    0.6 Complete denture post-placement
  - 1.2 Implant overdentures
    
    1.1 Overdenture clinical protocol
    
    1.2 Implant overdenture impressions
    
    1.3 Implant overdenture maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    1.4 Implant overdenture trial placement
    
    1.5 Implant overdenture placement
    
    1.6 Implant overdenture post-placement
- 3.3 Fixed prosthetics
  - 2.1 Fixed implant prosthesis clinical protocol
  - 2.2 Impressions
    
    1.1 Impressions - overview
    
    1.2 Splinted vs unsplinted impression copings
    
    1.3 Open versus closed tray
    
    1.4 Parallel vs non-parallel
  - 2.3 Maxillo-mandibular relations
  - 2.4 Trial placement
  - 2.5 Framework trial placement
  - 2.6 Placement
  - 2.7 Post-placement
4 Aftercare
- 4.1 Surgical aftercare
  - 0.1 Medication
  - 0.2 Post-operative soft tissue management
  - 0.3 Suture removal
  - 0.4 Post-surgical recommendations
- 4.2 Prosthetic aftercare
  - 1.1 Esthetic and function check
  - 1.2 Provisionals / temporary prosthesis
  - 1.3 Oral hygiene instructions
  - 1.4 Occlusal guard
- 4.3 Post-treatment complications and management
  - 2.1 Bleeding
  - 2.2 Soft tissue and hard tissue
  - 2.3 Patient compliance / recall
  - 2.4 Biologic complications
  - 2.5 Esthetic complications
- 4.4 Recall visits and logistics
  - 3.1 Recall visits - overview
  - 3.2 Patient expectations
  - 3.3 General health check
  - 3.4 Professional oral hygiene
  - 3.5 Implant overdenture maintenance
  - 3.6 Occlusion check
  - 3.7 Probing
  - 3.8 Inflammation, infection
    
    7.1 Inflammation and infection - overview
    
    7.2 Infection, microbiological diagnostics
  - 3.9 Radiological control

治疗指南

放射疗法

Key points

可以对接受放射治疗的骨骼进行种植体治疗，通常是提供功能修复的理想方法
剂量超过 55 Gy（灰色）对骨结合干扰严重
充分的抗生素治疗以及最终采用的高压氧疗可防止放射性骨坏死
由于功能性限制、口腔卫生家庭护理和检查癌症复发的需要，应考虑活动修复体/充填体

放射疗法

口腔癌症患者的康复通常采用外科手术、化疗和放射治疗的联合疗法。放射疗法易于造成纤维化、缺血和口腔干燥。后者的副作用导致粘膜支撑的义齿更加难戴。

种植体修复方案

临床证据表明，可以在接受放射治疗的骨骼中成功植入种植体。元数据分析表明，下颌手术的失败率小于 5%。但长期种植体成活率出现下降，就患者的预期成活时间而言，可能影响治疗期望。

建议在放射治疗后 9 至 12 个月进行种植手术，但支持这种做法的数据十分有限。因此，为了患者早期康复，如果临床情况表明骨骼已充分愈合，可提前手术。

临床医师应考虑两步手术方案，避免种植体部位发生感染，并促进骨结合不受干扰。而且，接受放射治疗的骨骼的骨结合速度很慢。高压氧疗可能有用。在所有外科手术方案中，用于预防感染放射性骨坏死的抗生素保护治疗非常重要。

应随时告知患者所处的治疗阶段。如果对下颌骨进行骨肌皮移植再造，应在移植愈合期后（通常为 3 个月）考虑种植体植入。建议再过 3 个月后再实施重新打开手术，可能还需要实施前庭成形术，为移植的软组织制作模型。

由于接受放射治疗的患者存在功能性限制，康复后可能无法达到健康患者的整体功能水平。在治疗方案设计阶段，应随时告知患者可能存在的危害，以设定合理的治疗效果期望。

临床分类

全身因素患者评估

治疗指南

Edentulous

头颈癌

头颈癌的主要代表是头颈部鳞状细胞癌 (HNSCC)。男性发病率高于女性 (2,8:1)。研究证明，人乳头状瘤病毒 (HPV) 与欧洲和美国青年人的 HNC 发病率增加相关。HNC 的常见危险因素是吸烟、滥用酒精及食用槟榔。
HNC 的预后取决于诊断的时间点，且与颈部区域淋巴结的肿瘤扩散密切相关。在诊断时间点，5 年存活率从 80%（I 期）下降到 19%（IV 期）。

翻瓣种植

全身因素

患者评估

立即观看

治疗指南

Edentulous

唾液对保护及维持口腔健康和功能起着重要作用。唾液可以润滑食物以便咀嚼和吞咽从而起到帮助消化的作用，还可增进味觉，促进言语交际，唾液还能保护口腔组织，防止出现干燥、微生物侵入或溃疡。此外，唾液还有助于缩短凝血时间，加快创面收缩，从而刺激软组织修复。唾液的质量（粘度）和数量（流量）是患者能否耐受活动义齿的关键因素，因为粘稠的唾液往往会使活动义齿移位；而稀薄或流量较低的唾液则不足以为活动义齿的固定及粘膜润滑提供足够的薄膜。

局部因素

患者评估

立即观看

治疗指南

Edentulous

患者病史

初步评估 — 患者问诊

临床医师应注意与患者的目光处于同一水平，这样做非常有效。例如，如果患者坐着，临床医师也应坐着。建议临床医师在问诊时不要让患者坐在牙科手术椅上，因为这种方式不易于建立自信。这样更有助于了解患者个性、期望和医疗状况的主要信息。了解患者主诉之后应符合治疗期望，这一点至关重要。在所有患者问诊过程中，应保护患者隐私。

整体健康评估

应对以下生物系统进行整体健康评估：

心血管
血液
神经
胃肠
泌尿生殖器
代谢疾病
手术和医院就诊历史
过敏、皮肤（特别是对牙齿修复材料的过敏）
感染、特定感染（肝炎、HIV）
头颈部症状，包括血管瘤、鼻部或鼻窦手术和喉部或口咽部并发症

...

全身因素

患者评估

立即观看

问题

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放射疗法

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