0 Patient Assessment
- 0.1 Patient demand
- 0.2 Overarching considerations
- 0.3 Local history
- 0.4 Anatomical location
- 0.5 General patient history
- 0.6 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.1 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.2 age
  - 5.3 Compliance
  - 5.4 Smoking
  - 5.5 Drug abuse
  - 5.6 Recreational drugs and alcohol abuse
  - 5.7 Parafunctions
  - 5.8 Diabetes
  - 5.9 Osteoporosis
  - 5.10 Coagulation disorders and anticoagulant therapy
  - 5.11 Steroids
  - 5.12 Bisphosphonates
  - 5.13 BRONJ / ARONJ
  - 5.14 Radiotherapy
  - 5.15 Risk factors
1 Diagnostics
- 1.1 Clinical Assessment
  - 0.1 Lip line
  - 0.2 Mouth opening
  - 0.3 Vertical dimension
  - 0.4 Maxillo-mandibular relationship
  - 0.5 TMD
  - 0.6 Existing prosthesis
  - 0.7 Muco-gingival junction
  - 0.8 Hyposalivation and Xerostomia
- 1.2 Clinical findings
  - 1.1 Occlusion
  - 1.2 Alveolar atrophy and insufficiency
  - 1.3 Skeletal consequences of edentulism
  - 1.4 Head-neck cancer
- 1.3 Clinical diagnostic assessments
  - 2.1 Microbiology
  - 2.2 Salivary output
- 1.4 Diagnostic imaging
  - 3.1 Imaging overview
  - 3.2 Intraoral radiographs
  - 3.3 Panoramic
  - 3.4 CBCT
  - 3.5 CT
- 1.5 Diagnostic prosthodontic guides
  - 4.1 Prosthodontic guides overview
  - 4.2 Wax-up, arrangement, mock-up
  - 4.3 Splints and imaging for surgery
  - 4.4 Provisionals
2 Treatment Options
- 2.1 Mucosally-supported
  - 0.1 Mucosally supported - Overview and important considerations
  - 0.2 Complete denture
  - 0.3 Immediate denture
  - 0.4 Occlusal schemes
- 2.2 Implant-retained/supported, general
  - 1.1 Prosthodontic options overview
  - 1.2 Number of implants maxilla and mandible
  - 1.3 Time to function
  - 1.4 Submerged or non-submerged
  - 1.5 Soft tissue management
  - 1.6 Hard tissue management, mandible
  - 1.7 Hard tissue management, maxilla
  - 1.8 Need for grafting
  - 1.9 Healed vs fresh extraction socket
  - 1.10 Digital treatment planning protocols
    
    9.1 Digital treatment planning protocols, introduction
    
    9.2 Digital treatment planning protocols, NobelClinician
- 2.3 Implant prosthetics - removable
  - 2.1 Implant overdenture, overview
    
    0.1 Implant overdenture, introduction
    
    0.2 Overdenture retention devices, overview
  - 2.2 Secondary splinting
  - 2.3 Primary splinting
- 2.4 Implant prosthetics - fixed
  - 3.1 Fixed implant prosthesis, introduction
  - 3.2 Screw-retained restorations
    
    1.1 Screw-retained
    
    1.2 Implant-supported vs abutment-supported
  - 3.3 Cement-retained restorations
    
    2.1 Cement-retained
    
    2.2 Abutment materials
  - 3.4 Framework materials
    
    3.1 Framework materials
    
    3.2 Veneering with ceramic
    
    3.3 Veneering with Acrylic
- 2.5 Comprehensive treatment concepts
3 Treatment Procedures
- 3.1 Surgical
  - 0.1 Surgical considerations
    
    0.1 Anesthesia
    
    0.2 Peri-operative care
    
    0.3 Post-operative care
    
    0.4 Flap-or flapless
    
    0.5 Wound closure
    
    0.6 Intra-operative complications
    
    0.7 Guided vs non-guided
    
    0.8 Semi-guided surgery with prosthetic template
    
    0.9 Guided surgery with drill guides
  - 0.2 Surgical protocols - general
    
    1.1 Crestal incision
    
    1.2 Choice of implant
    
    1.3 Parallel implant placement
    
    1.4 Tapered implant placement
    
    1.5 Insertion torque
    
    1.6 Insertion height
    
    1.7 Implant angulation
  - 0.3 Surgical protocols - mandible
    
    2.1 Implant placement with open flap procedure - mandible
    
    2.2 Grafting, mandible
  - 0.4 Surgical protocols - maxilla
    
    3.1 Implant placement - maxilla
    
    3.2 Grafting, maxilla
    
    3.3 Sinus lifting
    
    3.4 Zygomatic implants
    
    3.5 Pterygoid implants
    
    3.6 Problems and complications in maxillary implant surgery
- 3.2 Removable prosthetics
  - 1.1 Complete dentures
    
    0.1 Complete denture clinical protocol
    
    0.2 Complete denture impressions
    
    0.3 Complete denture - maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    0.4 Complete denture trial placement
    
    0.5 Complete denture placement
    
    0.6 Complete denture post-placement
  - 1.2 Implant overdentures
    
    1.1 Overdenture clinical protocol
    
    1.2 Implant overdenture impressions
    
    1.3 Implant overdenture maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    1.4 Implant overdenture trial placement
    
    1.5 Implant overdenture placement
    
    1.6 Implant overdenture post-placement
- 3.3 Fixed prosthetics
  - 2.1 Fixed implant prosthesis clinical protocol
  - 2.2 Impressions
    
    1.1 Impressions - overview
    
    1.2 Splinted vs unsplinted impression copings
    
    1.3 Open versus closed tray
    
    1.4 Parallel vs non-parallel
  - 2.3 Maxillo-mandibular relations
  - 2.4 Trial placement
  - 2.5 Framework trial placement
  - 2.6 Placement
  - 2.7 Post-placement
4 Aftercare
- 4.1 Surgical aftercare
  - 0.1 Medication
  - 0.2 Post-operative soft tissue management
  - 0.3 Suture removal
  - 0.4 Post-surgical recommendations
- 4.2 Prosthetic aftercare
  - 1.1 Esthetic and function check
  - 1.2 Provisionals / temporary prosthesis
  - 1.3 Oral hygiene instructions
  - 1.4 Occlusal guard
- 4.3 Post-treatment complications and management
  - 2.1 Bleeding
  - 2.2 Soft tissue and hard tissue
  - 2.3 Patient compliance / recall
  - 2.4 Biologic complications
  - 2.5 Esthetic complications
- 4.4 Recall visits and logistics
  - 3.1 Recall visits - overview
  - 3.2 Patient expectations
  - 3.3 General health check
  - 3.4 Professional oral hygiene
  - 3.5 Implant overdenture maintenance
  - 3.6 Occlusion check
  - 3.7 Probing
  - 3.8 Inflammation, infection
    
    7.1 Inflammation and infection - overview
    
    7.2 Infection, microbiological diagnostics
  - 3.9 Radiological control

治疗指南

休闲药物和酒精滥用

Key points

休闲药物会影响种植体治疗手术和疗效
休闲药物成瘾会对种植体治疗形成严重风险
应考虑非种植体康复

“休闲药物”：酒精滥用、服用精神药物和精神刺激物质

务必对表明患者是否滥用酒精或服用休闲药物及可能已经成瘾的迹象进行评估。通常，这些药物会引起幻觉、改变认知，起初可能会提升创造力和表现。随后，会导致认知障碍和各种抑郁病，造成心情沮丧和恐惧、恐怖、紧张不安和神经紧张的现象。因此，应仔细检查是否出现口腔粘膜损伤（如念珠菌病、面部结疤、口腔内肿瘤、声嘶）以及植物神经系统症状，如不自觉性出汗、心动过速、恶心、体温上升和共济失调。

酗酒常导致震颤和易激惹。成瘾者往往会忽视社会环境、个人兴趣和身体卫生。通过管理药物的供应和服用，对休闲药物或酒精成瘾患者的生活进行管理。成瘾会严重影响达到必需患者依从性的可能性和动机。临床医师可能需要考虑让患者转诊，以获得专业的心理学/精神学建议。

一些休闲药物成瘾被视为种植体治疗的绝对禁忌证。请考虑非种植体治疗替代方案，直到结束药物滥用（建议为一年），并且患者已重新适应社会，并能够遵守维护义务后再考虑种植体治疗。

患者记录和保密

在一些国家/地区，按照某些法律规定，占有并服用一些休闲药物是违法的。医生应确保，其团体遵守关于报告和患者保密义务的所有法律。

临床分类

全身因素

患者评估

治疗指南

Edentulous

药物滥用

如果患者服用处方药，应告知药物史（另请参阅“患者病史”），特别是剂量是否正确。对口腔手术的恐惧可能导致暂时性过量服用 β 受体阻滞剂或精神药品。在精神药品中，滥用中度强效镇痛新、痛立定和曲马多等阿片类止痛药必须引起重视。一个比较复杂的问题是，一些强效吗啡和衍生药品的商品名不易辨认，如 Roxanol、Kadian 和美施康定 (MS contin) 等。

抗抑郁剂和镇定剂也属于精神药品，具有成瘾性。单胺氧化酶抑制剂和三环抗抑郁药具有多种不良影响，具有成瘾性。

如服用/滥用单胺氧化酶抑制剂、三环抗抑郁药、非特定的 β

全身因素

患者评估

立即观看

治疗指南

Edentulous

依从性

种植体治疗是一种采用各种治疗步骤的长期综合治疗，需要充分的长期治疗后护理。因此需要患者充分参与、尽力配合并遵从医嘱。因此，临床医师必须在患者评估阶段，评估患者是否能够坚持长期治疗和治疗后护理。

为了使患者充分了解为了取得长期成功应遵从的要求，临床医师应与患者讨论治疗时间和时间表，告知遵从医嘱的重要意义，并在治疗时调整行为和限制。比如讨论吸烟、临时修复体、愈合阶段的咀嚼力较差、社会生活干扰、暂时不适、发病率、治疗后可能需要佩带防磨牙托以及治疗的风险等问题。

如果临床医师不确定患者是否能够充分遵从种植体治疗的要求，可根据

患者评估

立即观看

治疗指南

Edentulous

种植体治疗的相关风险因素：儿童和青少年（骨骼正在发育），除非是无牙患者。但是，矫正治疗适合种植体植入。
代谢失控性疾病，如 2 型糖尿病
失控 HIV 或结核感染
血液疾病（如晚期慢性淋巴细胞白血病、慢性骨髓发育异常）
患心肌梗塞或脑血管疾病 1 年之内
正在进行化疗和/或放射疗法
患者存在严重的免疫系统功能障碍，如移植后免疫低下
全身骨骼疾病（如变形性骨炎）
精神类疾病，如畸形恐怖或者影响患者推理能力和做出适当治疗决定的疾病
严重滥用会影响正常社会行为的休闲药物和/或酒精
患者不遵从要求

局部因素

全身因素

患者评估

立即观看

Additional external materials

Alcohol and Medicine

"Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Addiction in Opioid Treatment Programs. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2005 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64164/"

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休闲药物和酒精滥用

Key points

临床分类

Related articles

治疗指南

药物滥用

治疗指南

依从性

治疗指南

风险因素

Additional external materials

Scientific References

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