0 Patient Assessment
- 0.1 Patient demand
- 0.2 Overarching considerations
- 0.3 Local history
- 0.4 Anatomical location
- 0.5 General patient history
- 0.6 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.1 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.2 age
  - 5.3 Compliance
  - 5.4 Smoking
  - 5.5 Drug abuse
  - 5.6 Recreational drugs and alcohol abuse
  - 5.7 Parafunctions
  - 5.8 Diabetes
  - 5.9 Osteoporosis
  - 5.10 Coagulation disorders and anticoagulant therapy
  - 5.11 Steroids
  - 5.12 Bisphosphonates
  - 5.13 BRONJ / ARONJ
  - 5.14 Radiotherapy
  - 5.15 Risk factors
1 Diagnostics
- 1.1 Clinical Assessment
  - 0.1 Lip line
  - 0.2 Mouth opening
  - 0.3 Vertical dimension
  - 0.4 Maxillo-mandibular relationship
  - 0.5 TMD
  - 0.6 Existing prosthesis
  - 0.7 Muco-gingival junction
  - 0.8 Hyposalivation and Xerostomia
- 1.2 Clinical findings
  - 1.1 Occlusion
  - 1.2 Alveolar atrophy and insufficiency
  - 1.3 Skeletal consequences of edentulism
  - 1.4 Head-neck cancer
- 1.3 Clinical diagnostic assessments
  - 2.1 Microbiology
  - 2.2 Salivary output
- 1.4 Diagnostic imaging
  - 3.1 Imaging overview
  - 3.2 Intraoral radiographs
  - 3.3 Panoramic
  - 3.4 CBCT
  - 3.5 CT
- 1.5 Diagnostic prosthodontic guides
  - 4.1 Prosthodontic guides overview
  - 4.2 Wax-up, arrangement, mock-up
  - 4.3 Splints and imaging for surgery
  - 4.4 Provisionals
2 Treatment Options
- 2.1 Mucosally-supported
  - 0.1 Mucosally supported - Overview and important considerations
  - 0.2 Complete denture
  - 0.3 Immediate denture
  - 0.4 Occlusal schemes
- 2.2 Implant-retained/supported, general
  - 1.1 Prosthodontic options overview
  - 1.2 Number of implants maxilla and mandible
  - 1.3 Time to function
  - 1.4 Submerged or non-submerged
  - 1.5 Soft tissue management
  - 1.6 Hard tissue management, mandible
  - 1.7 Hard tissue management, maxilla
  - 1.8 Need for grafting
  - 1.9 Healed vs fresh extraction socket
  - 1.10 Digital treatment planning protocols
    
    9.1 Digital treatment planning protocols, introduction
    
    9.2 Digital treatment planning protocols, NobelClinician
- 2.3 Implant prosthetics - removable
  - 2.1 Implant overdenture, overview
    
    0.1 Implant overdenture, introduction
    
    0.2 Overdenture retention devices, overview
  - 2.2 Secondary splinting
  - 2.3 Primary splinting
- 2.4 Implant prosthetics - fixed
  - 3.1 Fixed implant prosthesis, introduction
  - 3.2 Screw-retained restorations
    
    1.1 Screw-retained
    
    1.2 Implant-supported vs abutment-supported
  - 3.3 Cement-retained restorations
    
    2.1 Cement-retained
    
    2.2 Abutment materials
  - 3.4 Framework materials
    
    3.1 Framework materials
    
    3.2 Veneering with ceramic
    
    3.3 Veneering with Acrylic
- 2.5 Comprehensive treatment concepts
3 Treatment Procedures
- 3.1 Surgical
  - 0.1 Surgical considerations
    
    0.1 Anesthesia
    
    0.2 Peri-operative care
    
    0.3 Post-operative care
    
    0.4 Flap-or flapless
    
    0.5 Wound closure
    
    0.6 Intra-operative complications
    
    0.7 Guided vs non-guided
    
    0.8 Semi-guided surgery with prosthetic template
    
    0.9 Guided surgery with drill guides
  - 0.2 Surgical protocols - general
    
    1.1 Crestal incision
    
    1.2 Choice of implant
    
    1.3 Parallel implant placement
    
    1.4 Tapered implant placement
    
    1.5 Insertion torque
    
    1.6 Insertion height
    
    1.7 Implant angulation
  - 0.3 Surgical protocols - mandible
    
    2.1 Implant placement with open flap procedure - mandible
    
    2.2 Grafting, mandible
  - 0.4 Surgical protocols - maxilla
    
    3.1 Implant placement - maxilla
    
    3.2 Grafting, maxilla
    
    3.3 Sinus lifting
    
    3.4 Zygomatic implants
    
    3.5 Pterygoid implants
    
    3.6 Problems and complications in maxillary implant surgery
- 3.2 Removable prosthetics
  - 1.1 Complete dentures
    
    0.1 Complete denture clinical protocol
    
    0.2 Complete denture impressions
    
    0.3 Complete denture - maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    0.4 Complete denture trial placement
    
    0.5 Complete denture placement
    
    0.6 Complete denture post-placement
  - 1.2 Implant overdentures
    
    1.1 Overdenture clinical protocol
    
    1.2 Implant overdenture impressions
    
    1.3 Implant overdenture maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    1.4 Implant overdenture trial placement
    
    1.5 Implant overdenture placement
    
    1.6 Implant overdenture post-placement
- 3.3 Fixed prosthetics
  - 2.1 Fixed implant prosthesis clinical protocol
  - 2.2 Impressions
    
    1.1 Impressions - overview
    
    1.2 Splinted vs unsplinted impression copings
    
    1.3 Open versus closed tray
    
    1.4 Parallel vs non-parallel
  - 2.3 Maxillo-mandibular relations
  - 2.4 Trial placement
  - 2.5 Framework trial placement
  - 2.6 Placement
  - 2.7 Post-placement
4 Aftercare
- 4.1 Surgical aftercare
  - 0.1 Medication
  - 0.2 Post-operative soft tissue management
  - 0.3 Suture removal
  - 0.4 Post-surgical recommendations
- 4.2 Prosthetic aftercare
  - 1.1 Esthetic and function check
  - 1.2 Provisionals / temporary prosthesis
  - 1.3 Oral hygiene instructions
  - 1.4 Occlusal guard
- 4.3 Post-treatment complications and management
  - 2.1 Bleeding
  - 2.2 Soft tissue and hard tissue
  - 2.3 Patient compliance / recall
  - 2.4 Biologic complications
  - 2.5 Esthetic complications
- 4.4 Recall visits and logistics
  - 3.1 Recall visits - overview
  - 3.2 Patient expectations
  - 3.3 General health check
  - 3.4 Professional oral hygiene
  - 3.5 Implant overdenture maintenance
  - 3.6 Occlusion check
  - 3.7 Probing
  - 3.8 Inflammation, infection
    
    7.1 Inflammation and infection - overview
    
    7.2 Infection, microbiological diagnostics
  - 3.9 Radiological control

治疗指南

Problems and complications in maxillary implant placement surgery

Key points

在涉及种植体植入或骨移植的上颌中，可能会发生以下并发症：
缺乏初期种植体稳定性
种植体尖端暴露在上颌窦或鼻腔内
窦底提升期间发生施奈德氏膜穿孔
种植体或增量材料发生脱位
出血

并发症

在缺齿上颌中，与邻近解剖结构之间的距离以及残留骨的骨密度会影响种植体植入，可能造成诸如缺乏初期种植体稳定性、穿孔、种植体或增量材料脱位以及出血等并发症。

初期稳定性

由于上颌（主要是松质骨）的骨质，可能会导致种植体缺乏初期稳定性，并在植入后出现松动。

穿透和穿孔

如果有足够的残留骨高度来确保种植体植入和种植体初期稳定性，则植床制备期间发生的上颌窦或鼻腔穿透便是一个小问题。种植体尖端插入上颌窦内的深度不应超过 2 mm。

脱位

增量材料之所以发生移位而进入鼻窦，是因为在上颌窦移动和增量手术中，施奈德氏膜出现穿孔 [Katranji 2008]。

种植体可能会发生脱位而进入上颌窦。种植体/增量材料长期留在鼻窦内会引起上颌窦急性或慢性感染。种植体和/或增量材料发生脱位后，应通过经口或经鼻入路而摘除。在行外科手术之前，建议进行 3D 造影，例如计算机断层扫描 (CT) 或锥形束计算机断层扫描 (CBCT) [Sgaramella 2014]。

出血

吻合血管位于上牙槽后动脉和眶下动脉之间的面部窦壁处。在窦提升手术期间，可能会发生出血。随着侧窦壁宽度的增加，血管直径也随之增加，从而导致手术期间发生出血的风险增加。从窦底和牙槽嵴到血管下缘的平均距离分别介于 8-17 mm 之间。术中出血的治疗包括：按压、骨蜡、用外科钻磨光和电烙术 [Kang 2013]。

临床分类

成功&失败/并发症

治疗指南

Edentulous

术中并发症

在发生萎缩的下颌中，软组织变得突出，且下牙槽神经更靠近表面。

在种植体植入期间，萎缩的下颌无牙颌可能会发生骨折。特别是在硬骨（即 D1、D2）中，建议使用额外的钻牙工具来延伸皮质骨部分或制备螺纹。

由于缺齿下颌的萎缩特征（图 1、2、3），在制备植床期间，后牙区是注定发生下颌舌穿孔和上颌窦底穿孔的位置。周围的软组织（即血管、神经和肌肉）可能会受损，从而导致严重后果。萎缩颌的硬组织形态和尺寸无法通过常规 X 光片来精确评估，因此，为了降低发生穿孔的风险，可能有必要采用额外的 3D 影像技术，即锥形

翻瓣种植

成功&失败/并发症

立即观看

治疗指南

Edentulous

这两种方法的效果看起来不相上下。中间线处的矢状面松弛切口便于实现唇部粘膜骨膜反射。合理的做法是，尽量争取使种植体的唇侧和腭侧都存在角质化组织。
切断鼻腭神经血管束很少会让患者感觉到由此造成的腭粘膜麻木感。这种麻木感通常会在数周后消失。当上颌骨量有限时，有几位作者清空了鼻腭管并用自体骨进行移植。他们获得了良好的结果。种植体很少植入到过于偏后的位置，以免接触腭神经血管束。
即使骨矿化不足，使钻孔的尺寸偏小仍然可实现良好的初期稳定性。初期稳定

无牙颌治疗

软组织管理

种植体

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Additional resources

视频

Edmond Bedrossian：Graftless微创理念中的并发症管理

All-on-4 治疗理念的追踪记录令人印象深刻。根据Branemark 等人在1971年的描述，1975年一个为期10年的追踪报告采用四个植体和六个植体修复方案的成功率没有统计学上的差异。Bedrossian 博士介绍了在上颌骨中使用不同的治疗方法进行基于植体的固定修复的最新综合文献概述，并将应用垂直、倾斜和颧骨植体的Graftless方案与应用上颌窦底提升或中止移植LeFort I型截骨术的移植方法进行了比较。Graftless方法的成功率更高，并提供了即刻加载方案的优势。Bedrossian博士探讨了主要的典型并发症，例如初期稳定性不足...

无牙颌治疗

翻瓣种植

成功&失败/并发症

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Problems and complications in maxillary implant placement surgery

临床分类

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Edmond Bedrossian：Graftless微创理念中的并发症管理

问题

Problems and complications in maxillary implant placement surgery

并发症

初期稳定性

穿透和穿孔

脱位

出血

临床分类

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Scientific References

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